EXERCISE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENSE IN ATHLETES: MECHANISMS, BIOMARKERS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Muscular contraction increases the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Since the first reports in the late 1970s, exercise-induced oxidative stress has been reconceptualized from an unavoidable by-product of aerobic metabolism to a regulated signalling process that is required for...