A Hybrid Framework for Photovoltaic Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis: I–V Curve Analysis, IEC 60891 Standardization, and TLBO-Based Single-Diode Model Parameter Estimation
The rapid expansion of photovoltaic (PV) installations necessitates advanced monitoring solutions to ensure optimal performance, early fault detection, and long-term reliability. This study presents a hybrid methodology for real-time PV module monitoring and fault diagnosis, integrating I–V curve analysis, IEC 60891 st...