Indole-3-acetic acid attenuates doxorubicin-induced liver injury by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and VEGF/FLT1 and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.
Doxorubicin (DOX) remains an effective antineoplastic agent; however, its clinical use is frequently limited by adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a naturally occurring tryptophan-derived metabolite, has recently attracted attention because of its cytoprotective and immunomodulatory...