Hydrothermal Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Modified Palm Oil Fuel Ash as a Mesostructured Silica-Based Adsorbent for Produced Water Treatment
This study evaluates the adsorption performance of hydrothermally modified palm oil fuel ash (POFA) for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) from produced water, while identifying the dominant equilibrium mechanisms governing pollutant uptake. The novelty of this work lies in the uti...