Turning Waste Cooking Oil into Sustainable Biodiesel: A Review of Waste-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts, Life-Cycle Performance, and Circular Bioeconomy
Waste cooking oil (WCO) represents both a growing environmental burden and a promising low-cost feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production. This review critically examines recent advances in the conversion of WCO into biodiesel, with particular emphasis on heterogeneous catalysts derived from waste resources and th...