Evaluation of Inhibitory Activities of Phenolic and Flavonoid Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Against Tyrosinase, Elastase, and Collagenase by Computational Methods and Supported by Experimental Validation
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. is a rich source of bioactive compounds, and has been extensively investigated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, despite its broad pharmacological potential, detailed molecular-level insights into the interactions of its phenolic and flavonoid constituents with key skin-aging-related enzymes remain limited. Therefore, this study employed an integrated in silico and in vitro approach to systematically evaluate the anti-aging potential of phenolic and flavonoid compounds derived from N. nucifera. Molecular docking was performed to investigate their binding interactions with tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase. Compounds exhibiting the most promising inhibitory profiles were further subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns and density functional theory (DFT) analyses at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory to elucidate their structural stability and electronic properties. The computational results revealed favorable binding affinities, stable complex formation, and electrostatic features supporting hydrogen bond interactions. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated that hesperidin exhibited inhibitory activity against tyrosinase, collagenase, and elastase, with IC50 values of 3.43 mM, 2.26 mM, and 0.55 mM, respectively. Kojic acid was used as a positive control for tyrosinase, while epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) was used as a positive control for both collagenase and elastase. Additionally, hesperidin exhibited enzyme-inhibitory activity and preliminary intrinsic UV absorption. This compound warrants further investigation, specifically regarding its stability and performance within standardized cosmeceutical formulations.