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A. Ma

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Preprint Aug 2026

StepJack: Benchmarking Computer-Use Agent Safety Against Multi-Step Indirect Prompt Injection

This paper introduces multi-step indirect prompt injection, a new attack class against CUAs in which the adversarial goal is decomposed into multiple innocuous-looking sub-steps and distributed across a chain of pages referenced along the agent's navigation path.

Zhuoxin Zhan, Akbar Rafiey, A. Ma et al. · 1 citation
Preprint Aug 2026

From token probabilities to calibrated confidence: An empirical study of mathematical question answering

This work compares single-pass estimators, which reuse token probabilities from the original generation, with multi-pass estimators, which obtain additional confidence signals through verification or stochastic forward passes, and finds that aggregating token probabilities over the full sequence captures small but cons...

A. Ma, Lorne Schell, Vin Bhaskara et al. · 0 citations

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