Coupled socio-ecological modelling of land-use dynamics and erosion risks in Bolango Watershed, Indonesia
This study examines how land-use change alters soil erosion in the Bolango Watershed, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, through an integrated framework that couples the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with agent-based modelling (ABM). Across the 52,494 ha watershed, marked transformations were projected betwe...