Preprint
Aug 2026
A Conceptual Framework for Enhancing Workforce Readiness for Smart Manufacturing in the AI Era
A Workforce Readiness Level (WRL) framework is proposed, which adapts the Technology Readiness Level scale into nine progressive competency stages and a four-pillar rubric, digital and AI literacy, cyber-physical systems fluency, human-machine collaboration, and data-driven decision making, aggregated through a composi...
D. Smith, W. Whittington, A. Martínez et al.
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