Caffeine-induced strong-to-slight hormesis in Drosophila ananassae: Physiological and developmental responses across two exposure regimes.
Caffeine induces concentration-dependent biphasic or hormetic effects in insects, yet its impact on Drosophila ananassae remains unexplored. We evaluated adult physiological traits (survival, fecundity, lipid content) under adult-only exposure and developmental traits under combined short-term parental adult and contin...