Review
Open access
Sep 2026
The renaissance of hydroxychloroquine: bridging antimicrobial immunity and autoimmunity in rheumatic diseases.
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been a cornerstone of rheumatic disease therapy for more than half a century. Its best-established immunomodulatory actions arise from endosomal and lysosomal alkalinization, with inhibition of endosomal Toll-like receptor 7/9 signaling and attenuation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator...
Mark Szabo, A. Perl, György Nagy et al.
· Autoimmunity Reviews · 0 citations