Do alternative PFAS reduce risk or shift it? A critical comparative review of persistence, mobility, bioaccumulation, toxicity, exposure, and safer substitution criteria.
Regulatory restrictions on legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (L-PFAS), including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and related long-chain compounds, have accelerated the global adoption of alternative and emerging PFAS (A-PFAS, functional umbrella term rather than structural c...