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Adriana Grądalska

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Open access Oct 2026

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF GRAVES' ORBITOPATHY: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THERAPEUTIC TRENDS

Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), also referred to as thyroid eye disease (TED) or endocrine orbitopathy (EO), is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease, affecting approximately 25–40% of patients. The pathogenesis of GO is complex and multifactorial, primarily involving autoimmune processes driven by...

Damian Świerczek, A. Piwko, Szymon Starowicz et al. · 0 citations

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