UAV Path Planning in Obstacle-Rich Environments Using Intelligent Cooperative Differential Evolution Approach
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Planning (UAVPP) in obstacle-rich environments requires trajectories that are collision-free, threat-aware, and feasible under practical flight constraints. This study proposes an Intelligent Cooperative Differential Evolution approach, reffered to as MuCDEA, to improve the adaptability and robustness of conventional Differential Evolution (DE) for UAVPP. MuCDEA integrates complementary mechanisms from JADE, CoDE, EPSDE, SaDE, MIDE, and SHADE through adaptive strategy selection and cooperative evolution. The optimization model combines path-length (fuel) cost and threat exposure with explicit pitch and yaw constraints that enforce actuator-feasible maneuvering bounds. The proposed framework is evaluated on 20 benchmark UAVPP cases covering 2D and 3D scenarios with varying obstacle distributions and pathh discretization levels, and it is compared against 11 state-of-the-art DE variants and several widely used optimization methods using the CEC-2022 ranking methodology. Results show that the cooperative configuration MuCDEA24 achieves the best overall ranking and consistently produces feasible trajectories across the tested cases, indicating that cooperative DE strategies provide an effective and controller-compatible solution for constrained UAVPP.