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Author

Ali Siddiqui

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2 papers indexed here

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Review Open access Sep 2026

Digital Code-Switching and Language Attitudes: A Mixed-Methods Study of English–Sindhi–Urdu Code-Mixing in WhatsApp Communication among University Students in Sindh, Pakistan

Mobile-mediated communication has reshaped multilingual practices in Pakistan, yet digital interaction among Sindhi university students remains under-researched. This study examines the frequencies, drivers, and attitudes regarding Sindhi–Urdu–English code-switching on WhatsApp among 280 postsecondary students in Sindh...

Ali Siddiqui, Razia Hataf, Shamshad Junejo · 0 citations
Open access Oct 2026

THE SINDHI TOKEN TAX: ORTHOGRAPHIC PENALTY AND TOKENIZATION INEQUITY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND SINDHI IN LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS

Large language models (LLMs) do not read words; they read tokens, and the tokenizer decides how many tokens a language needs to say the same thing. This paper introduces the notion of a Sindhi token tax and tests it empirically for Pakistan’s English–Sindhi context. Using 1,004 parallel sentences from the FLORES-200 be...

Ali Siddiqui, Shauban Ali Solangi, Uzma Ehsan · 0 citations

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