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Alikhan Akim

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#small language model Open access Sep 2026

Tokenization Disparity in Kazakh: Cross-Tokenizer Measurement and Low-Cost Vocabulary Adaptation for Large Language Models

Large language models are billed by the token, and tokens are not distributed evenly across languages. We measure how many tokens ten widely deployed tokenizers require to encode identical content in Kazakh and English, using 900 sentence-aligned pairs from OPUS-100 with bootstrap confidence intervals over 10,000 resam...

Alikhan Akim, Zhibek Sarsen · 0 citations
#large language models Open access Sep 2026

Tokenization Disparity in Kazakh: Cross-Tokenizer Measurement and Low-Cost Vocabulary Adaptation for Large Language Models

Large language models are billed by the token, and tokens are not distributed evenly across languages. We measure how many tokens ten widely deployed tokenizers require to encode identical content in Kazakh and English, using 900 sentence-aligned pairs from OPUS-100 with bootstrap confidence intervals over 10,000 resam...

Alikhan Akim, Zhibek Sarsen · 0 citations

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