Review
Open access
Jul 2026
Durability of COVID-19 vaccine-induced immunity in Saudi Arabia: evidence, gaps, and implications for Hajj and mass-gathering preparedness
The review highlights those circulating antibodies and neutralizing activity decline after vaccination, particularly against antigenically divergent variants, whereas memory B-cell responses and CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immunity generally provide more durable protection against severe disease.
Leena E. Azhar, Ahdab A. Alsaieedi, M. Al Eissa et al.
· Frontiers in Public Health · 0 citations