Sustainable Development Goals and Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review of Challenges, Innovations, and Future Perspectives
Sustainability has emerged as one of the most significant global priorities in response to accelerating climate change, environmental degradation, resource depletion, rapid urbanization, and widening socioeconomic inequalities. Recognizing the interconnected nature of these challenges, the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015, introducing seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as an integrated framework for achieving inclusive economic growth, environmental conservation, and social well-being. The SDGs provide a universal roadmap for governments, industries, academic institutions, and civil society to address global sustainability challenges through coordinated actions and evidence-based policymaking. Since their adoption, sustainability has evolved from a predominantly environmental concept to a multidimensional development paradigm encompassing corporate governance, technological innovation, circular economy practices, renewable energy transition, sustainable manufacturing, digital transformation, and stakeholder engagement. This review critically examines recent developments in sustainability research and analyzes the contribution of the Sustainable Development Goals toward achieving long-term environmental, economic, and social resilience. The paper synthesizes contemporary literature on renewable energy systems, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) frameworks, sustainable industrial development, climate action, smart technologies, and sustainable resource management. It further discusses the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, big data analytics, and Industry 4.0 in supporting SDG implementation across multiple sectors. In addition, the review evaluates emerging challenges including climate change, biodiversity loss, resource scarcity, greenwashing, policy fragmentation, financial constraints, and technological disparities that continue to hinder global sustainability efforts.