Sublethal Pesticide Effects, Synergistic Interactions, and Resilience Strategies in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera): A Narrative Review.
Pesticide exposure at chronic, field-realistic doses represents a major driver of honey bee colony weakening through sublethal and synergistic effects. This narrative review synthesizes evidence from 2010 to 2025 on neurophysiological, immunological, and behavioral impacts of major insecticide classes, with emphasis on...