Associations of insulin resistance surrogates with cardiovascular disease in early stage cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome: a prospective cohort study
Background The early stages 0–3 of cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome represent a critical window for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Although insulin resistance (IR) is a key driver of CVD risk, systematic comparisons of IR surrogates in CVD remain limited. This study examined the associations of...