Review
Open access
Sep 2026
Preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes as risk factors for autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review
Background Maternal diabetes during pregnancy, including preexisting type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), has been investigated as a potential risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. However, the consistency and strength of evidence across publish...
Nagwa G. Gad, H. Mirghani, Abdalla Abdalla et al.
· Frontiers in Public Health · 0 citations