Ameliorative Mechanisms of ZnO Nanoparticles in Salinity-Stressed Basil Callus: From Redox Defense to Metabolomic Normalization
Salinity is a major abiotic stressor inducing osmotic imbalance, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage in plant cells. This study investigates the ameliorative effects of 100 mg L−1 zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Ocimum basilicum L. callus cultures under salinity stress (0–90 mM NaCl) through an integrated enzymati...