A Centralized Federated Framework for Black-Hole Attack Detection in Mobile Ad Hoc Net-works using Gini Canberra Spearman-Based K-Means Clustering and Judy-Verkle Tree Verification
Black-hole (BH) attacks are among the most critical security threats in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) due to their decentralized and highly dynamic nature. Existing protection mechanisms primarily rely on threshold-based monitoring, trust evaluation, and route observation techniques, which often suffer from limited p...