Energy Consumption, Exports, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth in ASEAN-5: The Mediating Role of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
This study examines how greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions mediate the relationships between per capita energy consumption, exports, foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 economies. A panel of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand from 1991 to 2023 is estimated using tw...