Improved acetate tolerance and astaxanthin productivity in Haematococcus pluvialis through adaptive laboratory evolution.
The industrial cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis for astaxanthin is constrained by a fundamental trade-off: stress promotes astaxanthin accumulation but suppresses growth. To overcome this, we applied adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) under progressive high acetate stress (2.5-5-7.5 g/L NaAc). This approach gen...