L3SI: A Novel LiDAR 3-D Structural Index Framework for Forest Attribute Retrievals—A Case Study on Stand Volume Estimation
Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) provides detailed 3-D structural information for forest attribute retrieval. However, existing parametric models for stand volume estimation often exhibit limited transferability and robustness across heterogeneous forest conditions. This study introduces a LiDAR 3-D structu...