Reframing the Reasoning Gap: Cognitive-Domain Achievement Profiles and Their Predictors Among Eighth-Grade Students in Türkiye Across TIMSS 2019 and 2023
Eighth-grade mathematics achievement in Türkiye is often framed around a presumed weakness in higher-order reasoning, yet the relative standing of the TIMSS cognitive domains has rarely been tested inferentially or across time. Using the nationally representative TIMSS 2019 (N = 4,077) and 2023 (N = 4,925) Grade 8 samp...