The study of characterization of proton beams through contacted range shifter and machine range shifter and implementation in clinical uses
Intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) for superficial lesions commonly requires a range shifter; however, conventional range shifters can increase proton spot size and radiation dose to adjacent organs at risk (OARs) due to multiple Coulomb scattering. Although minimizing the air gap between the range shifter and t...