Intestinal–Bone Axis Mediated by Bifidobacterium: Mechanistic Analysis and Therapeutic Potential in Osteoporosis
A four-tier mechanistic framework of Bifidobacterium-mediated regulation of osteoporosis is established in which the evidence is stratified into three categories—direct evidence from Bifidobacterium-specific studies, indirect evidence from other probiotics, and general mechanisms of gut microbiota-regulated bone metabo...