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Bo-Wen Zhang

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#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

T2SPO: Trajectory-to-Step Policy Optimization for Agentic Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning enables large language model (LLM) agents to learn multi-step behaviors through interaction with their environments. However, rewards in many interactive tasks reflect only the final outcome, providing limited guidance on which intermediate decisions advance the task. Successful training trajecto...

Bo-Wen Zhang, Jun-Wei He, Mao-Qi Liu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Sep 2026

Scoring Higher, Answering Worse: Mitigating Reward Hacking in Rubric-Based RL via Protocol-Level Rubrics

Rubric-based reinforcement learning (Rubric-RL) trains language models where no verifier exists. A judge checks each criterion of a rubric, and the verdicts are aggregated into a reward, most often by a weighted sum. We show that this additive aggregation is the weak point. Under a sum, criteria compensate for one anot...

Mao-Qi Liu, Jun-Wei He, Bo-Wen Zhang et al. · 0 citations
Jul 2026

CoRT: Counterfactual Replay for Token-Level Rubric-Guided Policy Optimization

CoRT is proposed, a token-level credit weighting method for rubric-conditioned GRPO that uses counterfactual replay to rescore the same sampled response under the original rubric-conditioned prompt and a matched criteria-free prompt, and suggests that policy-internal counterfactual likelihood contrasts provide an effec...

Bo-Wen Zhang, Jun-Wei He, Wen Wang et al. · 5 citations · ⚡1

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