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C. J. Williams

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Sep 2026

Molecular Diagnosis as a Probability of Necessity

The Probability of Necessity (PN), a counterfactual estimand giving the probability that disease would not have occurred absent a germline variant, is developed and used to explore the logic and limitations of attributing a disease to genetic variants.

J. Belmont, C. J. Williams, C. Shaw · 0 citations

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