Open access
Aug 2026
A Stackelberg Game Model for Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Charging Station participates in the Electrical Spot Market
The increasing integration of photovoltaic generation, energy storage, and electric vehicle charging infrastructure introduces new challenges for coordinated operation in grid-interactive energy systems. This study develops a bi-level Stackelberg game framework for photovoltaic-energy storage charging stations (PECS) p...
Hong-Jie Tian, H.-D. Chen, Y.-F. Zhang et al.
· Advanced Electromagnetics · 0 citations