How Much of the Invisible Can Become Visible: Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Cholangiography During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy—A Review on Biliary Anatomy Visualization, Protocol Heterogeneity and Operative Outcomes
Background and Objectives: In difficult clinical settings, laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains linked to higher conversion rates, prolonged operative time and an increased risk of bile duct injury. Near-infrared fluorescence cholangiography using indocyanine green (ICG) was developed as a real-time intraoperative imag...