Designing cryogels through cryostructuring of β-chitin nanofibers to reinforce polyelectrolyte complexes for non-compressible hemorrhage control.
Non-compressible hemorrhage remains a major clinical challenge, requiring hemostatic materials with rapid blood absorption and sufficient mechanical robustness. Conventional carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/sodium alginate (SA) polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) sponges exhibit high swelling capacity but limited uptake kinetic...