Underestimated role of modulating sludge structural evolution in hematite-enhanced anammox systems beyond electron transfer capacity and Fe-N coupling.
Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) represents a promising sustainable nitrogen removal technology, yet the slow growth of anammox bacteria results in suboptimal reaction rates and operational stability, while nitrate accumulation further diminishes total nitrogen removal efficiency. In this study, 1.0 g L-1 hematit...