Integrating USLE, GIS, and AHP for soil erosion assessment and mitigation prioritization in Samosir Island, Indonesia
Soil erosion has become one of the most severe forms of land degradation in tropical mountain areas due to the combined effect of steep topography, high rainfall erosivity, and rapid land-use change. The island of Samosir in the Lake Toba catchment has experienced increasing pressure from agricultural expansion and for...