Echocardiography-derived hemodynamic forces in cardiac resynchronization therapy: association with reverse remodeling and long-term outcomes.
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves survival and symptoms in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and electromechanical dyssynchrony, yet up to 30-40% do not respond despite guideline-based selection. Hemodynamic forces (HDF) quantify intraventricular pressure gradients and...