PD-L1 immunoreactivity and its association with tumor grade in canine mammary carcinomas
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a transmembrane protein involved in tumor immune evasion. Although widely studied in human oncology, its role in canine mammary carcinoma remains poorly characterized. We quantified pd-l1 gene mRNA levels by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), evaluated PD-L1...