D. Bhirud

Comparing local versus spinal anesthesia for transurethral cystolithotripsy: A retrospective review of efficacy, safety, and pain outcomes.

INTRODUCTION Urinary bladder stones cause significant morbidity and are increasingly treated by transurethral holmium laser cystolithotripsy (TULC), a minimally invasive procedure. While spinal anesthesia is commonly used, local anesthesia is gaining interest, especially for high-risk or elderly patients. This study co...