Open access
Sep 2026
A cross-sectional study examining the reliability and invariance of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale–21 (DASS-21) across ten countries/regions
Background The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) is widely used to assess psychological symptoms among university students. However, its factor structure remains inconsistent, and few studies have employed advanced modeling approaches such as exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), particularl...
Xiu-Mei Chen, Yang Li, Iqbal Pramukti et al.
· PeerJ · 0 citations