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Open access Sep 2026

AI Psychometrics: Evaluating Measurement Invariance in Science Self-Efficacy Using Large Language Models

The present study (1) examined sex- and language-based measurement invariance of the science self-efficacy scale using PISA 2006 and 2015 U.S. data (N = 11,323) and (2) evaluated six large language models (ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Grok, Copilot, MetaAI, Gemini) in generating invariance approximations from prompt content and...

Onur Ramazan, D. Lee · 0 citations

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