An integrated sewerage optimization model for performance assessment of urban sewerage networks: a capacity, reliability and sustainability framework validated on Mwanza, Tanzania
Sewerage networks in rapidly urbanizing cities are deteriorating under hydraulic overloading, structural failure, and escalating operational costs. The Integrated Sewerage Optimization Model (ISOM) was developed and applied to the Mwanza City sewerage network (62.86 km; January 2022–December 2025 operational monitori...