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Open access Oct 2026

Association between serum levels of growth differentiation factor-15 and rheumatoid arthritis activity

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also known as macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily involved in macrophage regulation. Its exact role in inflammation and tissue repair remains unclear. To evaluate GDF-15 as a biomarker for rheumatoid arthr...

Caroline K. S. Lotfy, Yosra A. Zamzam, D. Nada et al. · 0 citations

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