Abstract. National Mapping Agencies (NMAs) have traditionally mapped their respective countries in two dimensions, taking inherently three-dimensional information and generalizing it into a flat projection plane. While some NMAs have moved completely to a three dimensional data model, many are still working in 2D, often augmented by height attributes which bring the data slightly closer to a 3D model of the world. As data capture, data processing and data analytics systems and software have evolved, it is now easier than it has ever been to collect, view and process 3D data. National Mapping Agencies have acknowledged this by moving towards 3D geospatial data models, although the approach taken, and the type of 3D data provided to users, varies between different countries. This paper describes the current position of Ordnance Survey, Britain’s national mapping agency, as it develops prototype 3D products. It describes the technical methods used to create a 3D product together with the business methods used to test the market, understand the customer, and provide a product that is both technically feasible to produce and financially viable to create and market to customers.
David Holland, James Gillespie, Christopher B. Heap· The International Archives o...· 0 citations
Abstract. The rapid evolution of three-dimensional (3-D) geospatial science has redefined the standards of national mapping and cadastral agencies (NMCAs). Traditionally bodies of authoritative 2-D topographic products, these organisations now face the challenge of producing, maintaining, and disseminating national-scale 3-D geospatial datasets that support applications ranging from climate adaptation and urban planning to disaster response and digital twins. This paper presents a comparative study of five NMCAs, comprising IGN (France), BKG (Germany), Kadaster (The Netherlands), GSI (Japan) and USGS (United States of America). By examining agency structure, economic models, and 3-D data collection programmes, this paper identifies converging trends in AI integration, national surveys, along with divergences in funding and implementation. The analysis highlights insights and potential lessons for organisations at early stages of national 3-D dataset implementation.
Thomas Goldring, Jon Mills, David Holland et al.· ISPRS Annals of the Photogra...· 0 citations
