Determinants of Antibacterial Activity in Humulus lupulus Hop Extracts: Phytochemical Profiling of Prenylated Acylphloroglucinols and Efficacy Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Optimizing hop (Humulus lupulus L.) extraction protocols for maximum antibacterial efficacy remains an open methodological challenge in developing plant-based natural antimicrobials. We compared five extraction protocols—hot ethanol, cold ethanol, espresso/steam, hot water, and cold water—applied to four hop varieties...