A Review of Micro Gas Engines for UAV Propulsion: Fundamentals and Emerging Technologies
The rapid expansion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications in both civilian and military sectors has intensified the demand for propulsion systems capable of delivering higher speed, increased endurance, and improved payload capacity. While battery-electric propulsion remains dominant for small UAV platforms, its limited energy density restricts operational range and mission flexibility. As a result, micro gas engines have emerged as a viable alternative for applications requiring high power-to-weight ratios and sustained high-speed operation. This review examines the fundamentals, scaling effects, and classification of micro gas turbine propulsion systems used in UAV applications, with emphasis on micro turbojets and related hybrid configurations. The paper discusses the thermodynamic principles governing micro gas engines and analyzes the aerodynamic, thermal, and combustion challenges associated with miniaturization, including low Reynolds number effects, tip leakage losses, thermal management limitations, and combustion instability. Furthermore, the study reviews the operational characteristics and mission suitability of different propulsion architectures for reconnaissance UAVs, high-speed UAVs, including reconnaissance and loitering platforms, target drones, and hybrid-electric aerial platforms. Recent developments involving additive manufacturing, advanced control systems, recuperated cycles, and hybrid-electric integration are also evaluated as enabling technologies for next-generation UAV propulsion. The findings demonstrate that although micro gas turbines continue to face important efficiency and manufacturing challenges at reduced scales, they remain essential for mission profiles that exceed the capabilities of purely electric propulsion systems.