Drivers, Decoupling, and Convergence of Direct Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in EU Agriculture: Evidence from 25 Member States, 2005–2024
This study examines the agricultural energy transition in 25 European Union Member States over 2005–2024, focusing on energy intensity, fossil-fuel dependence, and carbon intensity. It integrates multi-regional Kaya–LMDI decomposition, Tapio decoupling analysis, and σ- and conditional β-convergence models to identify t...