We compared four large language models (LLMs; ChatGPT, Grok, Gemini, and DeepSeek) with humans on tests of cognitive development, assessing relational integration, linguistic awareness, general and domain-specific reasoning, and cognitive self-awareness to specify how LLMs compare with humans along cognitive developmen...
Andreas Demetriou, G. Spanoudis, Elena Kazali et al.· Applied Informatics· 0 citations
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