Flight safety is greatly influenced by the effectiveness of communication between pilots and Air Traffic Controllers (ATC). In many aircraft accidents and incidents, communication failures, readback/hearback errors, the use of non-standard phraseology, and limited situational awareness are significant contributing factors. This research aims to analyze the literature related to the relationship between pilot-ATC communication and aircraft accident and incident incidents, especially in the context of Air Traffic Services Safety Investigation. The method used was literature review with stages of identification, selection, analysis, and synthesis of literature from investigation reports, scientific articles, and international aviation safety documents. The results of the study show that unclear communication can trigger runway incursion, loss of separation, clearance errors, and delayed decision-making. Case studies such as the Tenerife Airport Disaster show that a combination of miscommunication, operational pressures, weather, and technological limitations can develop into fatal accidents. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of standardization of phraseology, improving human factors training, implementing readback/hearback discipline, and strengthening safety support systems in ATS operations.
Aviation Safety is highly dependent on effective communication between Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) and pilots. Communication is a vital component of the Air Traffic Services (ATS) system, serving to prevent collisions, regulate air traffic flow, and provide essential safety information. However, data from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and Indonesia's National Transportation Safety Committee (KNKT) indicate that approximately 60–70% of aviation incidents are caused by human error, with Communication Breakdown being one of the most significant contributing factors. In Indonesia, the rapid increase in air traffic following the COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the risk of miscommunication, particularly during peak traffic periods and emergency situations. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the factors contributing to Communication Breakdown, its impact on Aviation Safety, and evidence-based mitigation strategies identified in the literature. The study employed a literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. A total of 10 nationally accredited SINTA 3–6 journals published between 2018 and 2025, along with KNKT reports and ICAO documents, were analyzed thematically. The findings identified four dominant factors contributing to Communication Breakdown: the use of non-standard Phraseology, English language proficiency below ICAO Level 4, ATC workload and fatigue, and technical factors such as frequency interference and stuck microphone. The consequences of miscommunication include loss of separation, runway incursion, near miss incidents, and the potential for fatal accidents. Recommended mitigation strategies include strengthening ICAO English Proficiency training, implementing Controller–Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)/Data Link technology, enforcing readback-hearback procedures, adopting Crew Resource Management (CRM) and Threat and Error Management (TEM), and improving fatigue risk management for ATCs. This study is expected to serve as a reference for AirNav Indonesia and aviation education institutions in enhancing communication standards to support Aviation Safety in Indonesia.
Rany Adiliawijaya Putriekapuja, Elfi Amir, Faktor Manusia et al.· Jurnal Ilmiah Dan Karya Maha...· 0 citations
This study analyzes the contribution of legal aspects and human factors to civil aviation accidents and incidents associated with Air Traffic Control (ATC) services. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive literature review methodology, this research conducts a comparative evaluation of the Halim Perdanakusuma runway collision accident (2016) and the Austin-Bergstrom near-miss incident (2023). The juridical framework is anchored in Indonesian Aviation Law No. 1 of 2009 and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, while systemic analysis applies the SHELL model and HFACS taxonomy. The results indicate that expectation bias and operational deviations from standardized radio-telephony phraseology are the primary drivers of cognitive and procedural failures. Weak supervisory monitoring and the absence of integrated surface surveillance technology further compromised the systemic defenses in both cases. In conclusion, runway accidents and incidents do not result from isolated operator errors but stem from interactive mismatches within the sociotechnical system. Enforcing legal compliance with standard safety procedures and accelerating the deployment of surface detection radar are critical mitigation strategies to prevent future occurrences.
Freshal Fitran, Elfi Amir, Rany Adiliawijaya et al.· International Journal of Hea...· 0 citations
Aviation safety depends heavily on precise interaction between pilots and Air Traffic Control (ATC), yet failures within that interaction remain a recurring contributing factor in civil aviation accidents and incidents. This study aims to identify and analyze patterns of ATC-related failure across a set of historically significant aviation accidents and incidents, and to derive implications for global aviation safety improvement. A qualitative literature review design was employed, drawing on official investigation reports, safety databases, and peer-reviewed journal articles concerning five representative events—Tenerife (1977), Zagreb (1976), Uberlingen (2002), Linate (2001), and Jakarta Halim (2016)—synthesized through directed content analysis guided by the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) and Reason's Swiss Cheese Model. The findings reveal that communication breakdowns, non-standard phraseology, controller work overload, limitations in surveillance technology, and weak inter-unit coordination constitute recurring causal patterns behind ATC-related accidents/incidents. The study concludes that enhancing aviation safety requires stricter phraseology standardization, strengthened Crew/Team Resource Management training for controllers, and sustained investment in surface radar and conflict-alert technologies.
Hendro Eko Saputro, Elfi Amir, Rany Adiliawijaya et al.· International Journal of Hea...· 0 citations