Elif Altunel Kılınç

Moderate-to-substantial agreement of ChatGPT-5 for Kellgren–Lawrence grading on synthetic knee radiographs: a controlled cross-sectional observer agreement study

ChatGPT-5 showed moderate-to-substantial agreement with expert consensus under standardized experimental conditions under curated synthetic dataset, however, the curated synthetic dataset, limited technical reproducibility of web-based inference, systematic grading tendencies, exploratory nature of the secondary-model analysis, and limited ecological validity preclude any inference of clinical readiness or real-world diagnostic performance without validation on real-world, multicenter, prevalence-based knee radiograph datasets.